Sweroside

Control of Pharmaceutical

and Biological Products (Beijing, China). p-Coumaric acid,

ononin, sweroside, astragaloside I, calycosin, and calycosin-7-Ob-D-glucoside were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotech

Co. Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The purity of all of the reference

compounds was determined to be greater than 98% by HPLC

analysis.

4-Caffeoylquinic acid(4-CQA), chlorogenic acid(3-CQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid(3,5-diCQA), loganic acid, loganin, sweroside, dipsacoside B and asperosaponin VI were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co. Chloramphenicol and glycyrrhetinic acid were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology Co.

Standard compounds, including 4-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA), chlorogenic acid (3-CQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA), loganic acid, loganin, sweroside, dipsacoside B, and asperosaponin VI were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology. Chloramphenicol and glycyrrhetinic acid were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology. The purity of each standard substance was more than 98%. HPLC-grade acetonitrile was obtained from Merck.

hydroxysafflor yellow A, astragaloside IV, ferulic acidand formononetin were provided by the Chinese National Institute forthe Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China);sweroside,p-coumaric acid, Astragaloside I, ononin, calycosin and caly-cosin-7-O-b-D-glucopyranoside were purchased from Sichuan WeikeqiBiotech Co. Ltd

from Nanjing Spring & Autumn Biological Engineering Co. Ltd.Oroxylin  A  7‐O‐glucuronide,  chrysin  7‐O‐β‐D‐glucuronide  andisoforsythiaside were purchased from Shanghai Xintuo Trading Co.Ltd. Sweroside and swertiamarin were purchased from SichuanWeikeqi Biological Technology Co. Ltd. UDCA, CDCA and mycophe-nolic acid (IS–) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich Co. LLC. Thepurities of all the reference compounds exceeded 98%.

Calycosin, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, galuteolin, rutin, cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, carbamazepine, and rhein were obtained from Yuanye Bio-Technology Company (Shanghai, China). Ononin and sweroside were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China).

LA (99.0%, CAS Registry No. 22255-40-9), shanzhiside methyl ester (SM; 99.0%, CAS Registry No. 64421-28-9), SA (99.0%, CAS Registry No. 17388-39-5), GE (99.0%, CAS Registry No. 20831-76-9) and SE (99.0%, CAS Registry No. 14215-86-2) (Figure 1) were obtained from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Chengdu, China). HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from TEDIA (Fairfield, OH, USA).

Standard substances, including 4-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA), loganic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-diCQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA), loganin, sweroside and asperosaponin VI were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co. Dipsacussaponin B, asperosaponin V and dipsacoside A were obtained from Nanjing Shizhou Biological Technology Co. The purity of each standard substance was >98%. Their chemical structures are shown in Supplementary Figure S1.